TensorFlow™ on Databricks

Placeholders

So far we have used Variables to manage our data, but there is a more basic structure, the placeholder. A placeholder is simply a variable that we will assign data to at a later date. It allows us to create our operations and build our computation graph, without needing the data. In TensorFlowterminology, we then feed data into the graph through these placeholders.

import tensorflow as tf

x = tf.placeholder("float", None)
y = x * 2

with tf.Session() as session:
    result = session.run(y, feed_dict={x: [1, 2, 3]})
    print(result)

This example works a little differently from our previous ones, let’s break it down.

First, we import tensorflow as normal. Then we create a placeholdercalled x, i.e. a place in memory where we will store value later on.

Then, we create a Tensor called, which is the operation of multiplying x by 2. Note that we haven’t defined any initial values for x yet.

We now have an operation (y) defined, and can now run it in a session. We create a session object, and then run just the y variable. Note that this means, that if we defined a much larger graph of operations, we can run just a small segment of the graph. This subgraph evaluation is actually a bit selling point of TensorFlow, and one that isn’t present in many other libraries that do similar things.

Running y requires knowledge about the values of x. We define these inside the feed_dict argument to run. We state here that the values of x are [1, 2, 3]. We run y, giving us the result of [2, 4, 6].

Placeholders do not need to be statically sized. Let’s update our program to allow x to take on any length. Change the definition of x to be:

x = tf.placeholder("float", None)

Now, when we define the values of x in the feed_dict we can have any number of values. The code should still work, and give the same answer, but now it will also work with any number of values in feed_dict.

Placeholders can also have multiple dimensions, allowing for storing arrays. In the following example, we create a 3 by 2 matrix, and store some numbers in it. We then use the same operation as before to do element-wise doubling of the numbers.

import tensorflow as tf

x = tf.placeholder("float", [None, 3])
y = x * 2

with tf.Session() as session:
    x_data = [[1, 2, 3],
              [4, 5, 6],]
    result = session.run(y, feed_dict={x: x_data})
    print(result)

The first dimension of the placeholder is None, meaning we can have any number of rows. The second dimension is fixed at 3, meaning each row needs to have three columns of data.

We can extend this to take an arbitrary number of None dimensions. In this example, we load up the image from our last lesson, then create a placeholder that stores a slice of that image. The slice is a 2D segment of the image, but each “pixel” has three components (red, green, blue). Therefore, we need None for the first two dimensions, but need 3 (or None would work) for the last dimension. We then use TensorFlow’s slicemethod to take a subsegment out of the image to operate on.

import tensorflow as tf
import matplotlib.image as mpimg
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import os

# First, load the image again
dir_path = os.path.dirname(os.path.realpath(__file__))
filename = dir_path + "/MarshOrchid.jpg"
raw_image_data = mpimg.imread(filename)

image = tf.placeholder("uint8", [None, None, 3])
slice = tf.slice(image, [1000, 0, 0], [3000, -1, -1])

with tf.Session() as session:
    result = session.run(slice, feed_dict={image: raw_image_data})
    print(result.shape)

plt.imshow(result)
plt.show()

1. Take a look at the other functions for arrays in TensorFlow at the official documentation.
2. Break the image apart into four “corners”, then stitch it back together again.
3. Convert the image into grayscale. One way to do this would be to take just a single colour channel and show that. Another way would be to take the average of the three channels as the gray colour.